The Nigerian Police Force plays a vital role in maintaining law and order, protecting lives and property, and enforcing the laws of the land. To effectively perform these duties, police officers are vested with certain legal powers and responsibilities. However, there are often misconceptions about what police can and cannot do. Understanding these powers helps foster better cooperation between the police and the public, while also protecting citizens’ rights.

Here are some important powers that the Nigerian police are legally authorized to exercise:

1. Entry and Search Without Warrant in Certain Situations

While police typically require a warrant to enter and search a property, Nigerian law allows exceptions. In emergencies where police suspect a crime is in progress, or where evidence is at risk of being destroyed, officers can lawfully enter premises without a warrant. This includes situations such as pursuing a fleeing suspect or responding to calls for help.

2. Arrest Without a Warrant

The police can arrest a person without a warrant if they catch them committing a crime, if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed an offense, or if the person is about to commit an offense. Arrests without warrants must be done respectfully, and suspects have rights, including being informed of the reasons for their arrest.

3. Detention for Investigation

After arrest, police can detain suspects for a reasonable period to conduct investigations. The law stipulates that suspects should be charged within a specified time (usually 24 to 48 hours) or released. This power ensures that investigations are carried out thoroughly but also protects suspects from unlawful prolonged detention.

4. Use of Reasonable Force

Police officers are allowed to use reasonable force when necessary — for example, to restrain a violent suspect or defend themselves or others. However, the force used must be proportional to the threat and not excessive or brutal.

5. Seizure of Evidence

During lawful searches or investigations, police have the power to seize items believed to be connected to a crime. These items can be used as evidence in court proceedings.

6. Conducting Surveillance

Under certain circumstances, police may conduct surveillance to gather intelligence on suspected criminal activities. However, this is often regulated and may require authorization from appropriate authorities.

7. Traffic Enforcement

Police have the authority to regulate traffic, enforce road safety laws, issue fines for violations, and conduct vehicle checks to ensure compliance with roadworthiness standards.

8. Crowd Control and Public Order

During public events, protests, or disturbances, police have the legal power to manage crowds, prevent violence, and restore order. This may include dispersing unlawful gatherings or imposing curfews if authorized.

9. Issuing Compliance Notices and Arrest Warrants

Police can issue compliance notices for minor offenses and obtain warrants from courts to arrest individuals or search properties when necessary.

10. Investigation and Prosecution Assistance

The police investigate crimes and gather evidence, which they present to prosecutors for criminal cases to proceed. They work closely with judicial authorities to ensure justice is served.

What Nigerians Should Remember

While the police have these powers, they are bound by laws designed to protect citizens’ rights. Abuse of power is punishable under the law, and complaints against police misconduct can be reported to oversight bodies like the Police Service Commission or the Nigerian Human Rights Commission.

Citizens should cooperate with law enforcement while also knowing their rights, such as the right to be treated fairly, the right to legal counsel, and the right to be informed of the reason for arrest.

Understanding the legal powers of the police fosters mutual respect and trust between law enforcement and the public. It also empowers Nigerians to hold the police accountable while supporting their crucial role in maintaining peace and security.